Yellow Starthistle Information

Mech control
   -hand
   -tillage
   -mowing

Cultural control
   -grazing
   -burning
   -re-vegetation

Biocontrol
   -insects
   -biocontrol table
   -plant pathogens

Chem control
  - risks
    --spray
    --water
    --toxicology
    --herbicide resist
    --effects
   -herbicides
    --preemergence
    --postemergence
    --late season
    --pre- & post-
    --imazapic
    --clopyralid
    --picloram

Integrated app

Management

Biological control (continued)

Establishment, impact and publications on yellow starthistle biological control insects.

Species	Common name	Establishment	Impact	Publications
Bangasternus orientalis	Seed-head weevil	Wide	Low	Campobasso et al.1998 Maddox et al. 1986, 1991 Maddox and Sobhian 1987 Sobhian 1993a Sobhian et al. 1992 Wood 1993
Urophora sirunaseva	Seed-head fly	Wide	Low	Maddox et al. 1986 Sobhian 1993b Turner 1994 Turner et al. 1994 White and Clement 1987 White et al. 1990
Eustenopus villosus (= E. hirtus)	Hairy weevil	Wide	Moderate	Clement et al. 1988 Connett and McCaffrey 1995 Fornasari et al. 1991 Fornasari and Sobhian 1993 Villegas et al. 2000a Woods et al. 1998
Chaetorellia australis (= C. hexachaeta)	Peacock fly	Limited	Low	Maddox et al. 1990 Sobhian and Pittara 1988 Turner et al. 1996 Villegas 1998 Villegas et al. 2000b White et al. 1990
Chaetorellia succinea	False peacock fly	Wide	Moderate	Balciunas and Villegas 1999 Pitcairn et al. 1998a Villegas 1998 Villegas et al. 1999 Villegas et al. 2000b
Larinus curtus	Flower weevil	Limited	Low	Fornasari and Turner 1992 Sobhian and Fornasari 1994 Villegas et al. 1999 Villegas et al. 2000c

General articles on insect biological control of yellow starthistle

Topic	Publications
Discovery	Clement 1990, 1994 Clement and Sobhian 1991
Effect of natural insect populations of starthistle	Johnson et al. 1992 Pitcairn et al. 1999b
Reviews	Jette et al. 1999 McCaffrey and Wilson 1994 Pitcairn et al. 2000c Rosenthal et al. 1991 Turner 1992 Turner and Fornasari 1992 Wood 1993